AI CAN ALTER HUMAN COGNITION – AS MUCH NEGATIVELY AS POSITIVELY

The problem is that these heuristic machines might not assist cognition so much as create dependency. Conversely, if these machines produce truth instead of human propaganda and wishful thinking or sedition then Africans SHOULD converge and demonstrate convergence similar to the leap in IQ that resulted from the institutionalization of general rules discovered by science.

To ensure responsible AI development, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) supports research in the Global South on responsible AI.

What is the future of AI in Africa?What ethical issues arise from using AI in Africa?https://idrc-crdi.ca/en/initiative/artificial-intelligence-development#:~:text=Artificial%20intelligence%20(AI)%20systems%20are,%2C%20rights%2Dbased%20and%20sustainable.

Tensions had simmered for decades between the Hutu and Tutsi populations in Rwanda. The region had operated under Belgian colonial rule from after the First World War until 1962. During this time, colonial policies fostered divisions between the Hutu, who made up the country’s largest ethnic group, and the Tutsi, who formed the second‐largest ethnic group. The Belgians viewed the Tutsi minority as superior, and favoured Tutsi for leadership positions. This favoritism created ongoing and deeper tensions between Hutu and Tutsi.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, struggles for independence from Belgian rule gained strength in Rwanda. These struggles included violence between Hutu and Tutsi as the two groups sought power. A 1959–1962 revolution led to national independence, with Hutu leaders assuming control of government. Many Tutsi were massacred or forced to flee the country as the ruling government portrayed them as threats to Rwanda. The anti‐Tutsi sentiments behind these attacks contributed to the conditions for the genocide that followed 32 years later.

reinforced anti‐Tutsi and pro‐Hutu sentiments. This led to another wave of violence directed at the tusi.

DEFINITION: “CULTURE”

Explanation:
Culture can be defined as the informal system of cooperative strategies and constraints that evolves within a group to maximize self-determination by self-determined means through reciprocity in demonstrated interests. Culture operates as the cumulative repository of knowledge, practices, norms, and shared expectations that regulate interpersonal behavior, ensuring that individuals within a polity or group can predict and coordinate actions to minimize conflict and maximize cooperation.

As such, Definition:
Culture is the cumulative system of informal norms, knowledge, and cooperative strategies evolved within a group to regulate behavior, enforce reciprocity, and ensure self-determination by self-determined means, aligning individual and collective interests through demonstrated interests and mutual obligations. It functions as an adaptive framework for producing, preserving, and transmitting the social, moral, and practical capital necessary for group survival and competitive success.

Key Elements of This Definition:

1. Culture as a System of Measurement
Culture provides standards of behavior and criteria for judgment in display, word, and deed, serving as a shared system of measurement for determining reciprocity, fairness, and responsibility.
These measurements are not formalized like law but are enforced through social norms, reputation, and mutual expectations.

2. Adaptation to Group Evolutionary Strategy
Culture reflects and reinforces a group’s evolutionary strategy by balancing individual incentives with group cohesion.
In European aristocratic egalitarianism, for instance, cultural norms emphasize sovereignty, truth-telling, and individual responsibility, while other cultures may prioritize hierarchical authority or collective conformity as their primary strategies for maintaining order and cooperation.

3. Reciprocity and Demonstrated Interests
Culture ensures reciprocity by embedding norms and customs that align with the demonstrated interests of its members. These norms serve as a preventive mechanism against parasitism or rent-seeking behavior.
Shared rituals, symbols, and narratives reinforce the mutual obligations that sustain cooperation, enhancing trust and reducing transaction costs within the group.

4. Cultural Production and Preservation of Knowledge
Culture evolves by transmitting practical knowledge, skills, and values across generations, ensuring the preservation of behavioral capital necessary for the group’s survival and prosperity.
This includes everything from language (as a system of communication and measurement) to moral codes, religious doctrines, and aesthetic traditions that guide behavior and decision-making.

5. Competition and Adaptation Across Civilizations
Culture is dynamic and responsive to external and internal pressures. Groups continuously refine their cultural norms to compete with other groups and adapt to environmental changes or technological advancements.
Successful cultures are those that optimize the balance between individual agency and collective security, fostering innovation while maintaining internal harmony.

6. Decidability in Cultural Disputes
When cultural norms are violated, disputes arise. A well-functioning culture provides informal means of decidability—through social pressures like shame, ostracism, or restitution—to resolve conflicts without escalating to formal legal systems.
This ensures that breaches of reciprocity are corrected swiftly, preserving trust and cohesion.

(From Natural Law – Volume 1 – A System of Measurement)